[23] On mise-en-abyme as a strategy in medieval artistic production, see Whatling, “Narrative Art in Northern Europe, c.1140-1300: A Narratological Re-Appraisal,” ch. 7, 173-178. The ancient French spelling with a y, was refashioned by André Gide (1869-1951), who revived it as a favored device in postmodernist fiction, Baldick, “mise-en-abyme”.